Essay on The Outsider by Albert Camus - 1536 Words

The Outsider by Albert Camus BACKGROUND: ‘In our society,’ wrote Albert Camus, ‘any man who doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral is liable to be condemned to death.’ This may seem a bewilderingly dramatic, almost self-indulgent sort of assertion, but it is one which Camus brought to life in The Outsider, and to frankly devastating effect. The Outsider has become something of a cult classic over the years, especially in undergraduate circles. It inspired The Cure’s ‘Killing an Arab’, a song which attracted a degree of controversy when it was (wrongly) assumed to advocate racial violence. The Outsider itself has also been subject to an array of assumptions and misconceptions, particularly with regards to its philosophical project. In my†¦show more content†¦In practical terms, this amounted to the avoidance of what Sartre was to term ‘Mauvaise foi’, or Bad Faith. Over-simplifications are unavoidable here, so to summarise; to live in B ad Faith is to exist in a state of intellectual sloth and emotional dishonesty. It is to define oneself, not according to one’s own humanity, autonomy and free will, but according to a role (doctor, waiter, parent, husband) or a collection of roles, or as an object with a prescribed role in the collective, societal machine. CAMUS’ philosophical position amounts to very much the same thing, but he places particular emphasis upon the notion of the ‘absurd’. He found his ultimate metaphor for the absurdity of the human condition in the myth of Sisyphus, who, according to Greek mythology, was punished by having to roll a stone up a mountain for all eternity, only to have it roll down to the bottom again. Once God is escorted from the equation, human life is revealed in its full absurdity. The only appropriate response to this is to recognise life for what it is, and to live accordingly, with knowledge, passion and above all, freedom. The essence of this philosophical project is discernible within the second part of The Outsider, but is presented with a simplicity and literary restraint that renders its premise all the more forceful. It is a philosophical novel, butShow MoreRelatedAlbert Camus-the Outsider1194 Words   |  5 PagesO’Brien. First published in French as L’Etranger in 1942, Albert Camus’ The Outsider addresses the constrictive nature of society and what happens when an individual tries to break free from the conformity forced upon him by staying true to himself, and following his own ideal of absolute truth and sincerity in every action. Propelled more by the philosophy of existentialism and the notion of the absurd than plot and characters, Camus’ novel raises many questions about life, and answers themRead MoreThe Outsider By Albert Camus1139 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Camus’ novel The Outsider follows a young French Algerian, Meursault, who lives his day to day life detached from the rest of the world. Along with his indifference towards others, Meursault has alienated himself from society with his absurdist ideas and blatant honesty. Camus has structured the novel into two parts. In Part I we see Meursault’s routines, habits and general reactions to daily events around him. At the end of Part I Meursault kills an Arab man whi ch eventually leads to hisRead MoreThe Outsider by Albert Camus Analysis of Themes672 Words   |  3 Pagesresonance of Camus’s philosophical notion of absurdity. In his essays, Camus asserts that individual lives and human existence in general have no rational meaning or order. However, because people have difficulty accepting this notion, they constantly attempt to identify or create rational structure and meaning in their lives. The term â€Å"absurdity† describes humanity’s futile attempt to find rational order where none exists. Though Camus does not explicitly refer to the notion of absurdity in The StrangerRead MoreA Outsider Of The Stranger By Andre Gide And Albert Camus1850 Words   |  8 Pages Andre Gide and Albert Camus seemingly had much in common. Both were French-speaking Nobel Prize winning writers with deep ties to France’s African territories and strong anti-establishment tendencies who sought to cast off the burdens society foisted upon them. Yet their as best evidenced by their respective best-known texts, Gide’s L Immoraliste (The Immoralist) and Camus’ L’Étranger (The Stranger). While both novels center around aloof young men hostile to the norms that society foists upon themRead MoreThe Outsider, by Albert Camus and The Assault, by Harry Mulisch1380 Words   |  6 PagesCamus and Mulisch present that the past and present are interrelated. The authors do this through the two characters, Meursault and Anton. Through Meursault, we see that his past actions affect the outcome of his trial. Through Anton, we see that his present situation constantly brings him back to his past despite him trying to escape it. Thus the authors stylist ically link the past and present to demonstrate that they are inevitably related, where certain events are unavoidable or the past is undeniableRead More Comparing Story Openings of Bleak House by Charles Dickens to The Outsider by Albert Camus954 Words   |  4 PagesAt the opening of the story The Outsider, the writer Albert Camus places time in the wrong order. This creates the impression that we are seeing into the characters thoughts rather than a story being told to us. It works very effectively as the paragraphs are spontaneous and not in any form of order, thus creating a mental picture in our heads of one or two day?s worth of events, as if we were remembering them ourselves. This, however, does not apply to Bleak house. Dickens does not use any formRead More Comparing Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartres Nausea2131 Words   |  9 PagesLack of Order in Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartres Nausea  Ã‚   Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre, and The Stranger, by Albert Camus, refuse to impose order on their events by not using psychology, hierarchies, coherent narratives, or cause and effect. Nausea refuses to order its events by not inscribing them with psychology or a cause for existence, and it contrasts itself with a text by Balzac that explains its events. Nausea resists the traditional strategy of includingRead MoreComparison of How Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in the Outsider Have Used Moral Issues to Develop Their Works1599 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of how Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider have used moral issues to develop their works It is debatable whether morality is a code of conduct that is considered right by society or whether it is a code unilaterally decided upon by an individual. When we consider morality as a tool used by both Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider, this debate holds immense relevance. Wonderful Fool, heavily influenced by Christian doctrine, addressesRead MoreComparison of How Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in the Outsider Have Used Moral Issues to Develop Their Works1612 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of how Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider have used moral issues to develop their works It is debatable whether morality is a code of conduct that is considered right by society or whether it is a code unilaterally decided upon by an individual. When we consider morality as a tool used by both Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider, this debate holds immense relevance. Wonderful Fool, heavily influenced by Christian doctrine, addressesRead MoreThe Outsider1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof an extract from pages 14 to 15 from The Outsider by Albert Camus Word Count: 1,378 I have decided to focus on an extract from chapter 1 of Albert Camus’ The Outsider as I feel this extract is highly significant as it serves as a device of exposition to develop Meursault’s, continuously judged, character and provides foregrounding for the rest of the novel. The prose style throughout this extract allows Camus to convey his philosophy of the absurd and portray

Marijuana Legalization throughout the World Essay - 813 Words

Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is a plant which when consumed has psychoactive effects. It is believed to have been first used in the 3rd millennium BCE in what is now modern-day Romania. Throughout history, it has been known to be used during rituals and ceremonies, becoming an important aspect of numerous cultures. It has become illegal to possess, sell or use marijuana in various countries beginning in the 20th century, despite that it’s used quite commonly. The United Nations has even stated that cannabis is the world’s most widely produced, trafficked and consumed drug in the world, with an estimated 119 to 224 million adult users worldwide. Meanwhile, other, more-lethal substances such as alcohol and tobacco are legal and help†¦show more content†¦The premise behind this is that they see marijuana as a gateway drug, and that people who use it will consequently move towards more hardcore and harmful drugs such as heroin or cocaine. To stop this they ar rest over 700,000 Americans yearly for possession of marijuana. These law-breaking â€Å"convicts† are forced into a prison system that transforms them from first-time offenders into hardened criminals. To enforce this system, the government spends a ludicrous 7.7 billion dollars per year. About 2.4 million people use marijuana for the first time every year and most will never be arrested for it, but some, usually low-income people of color, will. A 2007 study in Washington DC, showed that about an equal amount of whites and blacks admitted to using marijuana, but 92 percent of people arrested for marijuana possession are black and the remaining 8 percent are white. This and many other studies demonstrate that law enforcement is biased in who they arrest. If marijuana were to be legalized, this racial profiling would also cease. As previously stated, the US government spends 7.7 billion dollars per year to stop Americans from using marijuana. Instead of spending so much money to enforce this inefficient system, the government could capitalize on such a profitable market. With the decriminalization of marijuana, more jobs would be created to grow, prepare, transport, advertise and sell the marijuana. Since most of the cost of marijuana results from the risk involvedShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreEssay about Should We Legalize Marijuana in Canada?1081 Words   |  5 PagesTo Legalize or to Not Legalize: The Debate Behind Marijuana in Canada The legalization of marijuana is an issue that consistently discussed and debated, not only in North America, but throughout the entire world. Despite being illegal in every country, marijuana remains the most widely used illicit drug in the world. The popularity of this drug is the cause for the continuous legalization debate, resulting in various legislations pertaining to the consumption of the substance. Every country hasRead MoreSupport For Marijuana Legalization Against First Age1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof support for the legalization of marijuana as well as three separate age categories (1) 17-39 (2) 40-59 and (3) 60-older. It is worth noting that since the data was collected in 2012 opinions have been bound to shift, specifically in states which have seen statewide recreational legalization, however for the function of the research, the given data produces ample information and analysis which will facilitate with rejection or acceptance of the working hypothesis. Throughou t the duration of theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1581 Words   |  7 Pageson drugs† since the late 1900’s, the legalization of marijuana has been a popular topic within the past couple of years. This topic is very controversial due to the fact that many people are unable to see past the bad rap that cannabis has accumulated over past years. Among the other aspects that have already given marijuana a bad reputation, some people are trying to find more and more reasons to postpone the legalization of marijuana. Since the legalization of cannabis in Colorado, Washington andRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana1605 Words   |  7 Pagesdangerous world.† This was said by one of the most famous scientists in the United States known as Carl Sagan. Marijuana has been one of the most debated topics in the media today, and numerous years before. Altogether, this debate has raised many questions, yet with very few answers of whether the legalization o f marijuana should be passed, and expressed throughout the nation as a whole. The fight for legalizing marijuana has embraced itself to see success. The legalization of marijuana is essentialRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana in the U.S. Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: LEGALIZATION OF Legalization of Marijuana: A hot topic Tonie J. Moutra GEN 499 Dr. Curt Sobolewski November 26, 2012 The legalization of marijuana for recreational usage could may be a new trend in America but the Federal government will likely oppose usage through the end of time. The Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) stance is that marijuana is an illegal drug and that using this drug whether for medicinal or recreational purposes is illegalRead MoreLegalizing Recreational Pot1507 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Recreational Pot Heavy marijuana smokers are at risk for some of the same health effects as cigarette smokers, like bronchitis and other respiratory illnesses. Marijuana is the most commonly abused illegal drug in the United States and around the world. Those who support its legalization, for medical or for recreational use, fail to recognize that the greatest costs of marijuana are not related to its prohibition; they are the costs resulting from marijuana use itself. If the United StatesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1524 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana makes you calm. Marijuana reduces stress. Marijuana cures diseases such as cancer. Marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is a plant; therefore it is not dangerous to one’s health and overall being. Many have heard it all before, the hundreds of reasons as to why marijuana is deemed as a â€Å"safe† drug and why it should be legalized, yet people have not quite heard the hundreds of reasons as to why it should stay illegal. In tod ay’s society, there is a huge controversy on the topic of marijuanaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1723 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s world, people are very one-sided on the issues of smoking. There are many types of things that you can smoke but marijuana and cigarettes seem to be the most controversial. Countless amounts of people are against smoking in general, smoking cigarettes, and/or smoking marijuana. Because of the certain setbacks and outlooks on these smoking impacts, the economy adjusts with consumers and non-consumers of both substances. The economy is mainly determined on the types of consumer behaviorRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Rhetorical Analysis on â€Å"Here’s Why Legalizing Marijuana Makes Sense† In ‘Here’s Why Legalizing Marijuana Makes Sense’, Alex Newhouse, a lawyer who resides in the area of Sunnyside, Washington addresses the controversial issue of the legalization of cannabis. The sole purpose of Newhouse’s article is to persuade readers and voters that marijuana should be legalized. Throughout his article, Newhouse focuses on the use of ethos and logos, while also slightly focusing on the use of pathos, to help

Cross-Cultural Management Intercultural Communication

Question: Describe about the Cross-Cultural Management for Intercultural Communication. Answer: Search engines usually earn money through running advertisements related to search along with organic search. The search engine companies make money whenever someone clicks on these advertisements. The technique of earning revenue is known as pay per click (PPC). Advertisers usually bid or pay for right placements of their preferred keywords in the search results. Whenever a user clicks on the advertisement present in the search results, it will cost the advertiser (Adams 2013). This mode of payment is occurred directly to the companies of search engine. Apart from using the technique of pay per click, search engine optimizers have valid reason to maintain organic search results of high quality. If a company has better organic search quality, then the possibility of advertiser of choosing that company for paid advertisement will be more. The user will also return to that search engine company. A search engine company must have a huge company base that will attract more users to the s earch engine company. Larger audience will help the company to generate more revenue. The responsibility of search engines is to provide best services to their clients. It will lead to best user experience of the visitors of the advertisement (Zilincan 2015). The better user experience results users to search more in the site. The user will click repeatedly on the advertisement. However, the pricing model at the beginning may be harsh in some points but ultimately the situation becomes beneficial for the parties involved in it. There is another situation where many companies do not opt for pay per click campaign. They simply choose organic search results for enlisting themselves in the search engine. These companies run the search results by formulating a campaign for search engine optimization. Hence, it will enhance user experience and quality results. The interface provides high rated channels of marketing through advertising via pay-per-click. Google is the most popular company related to search engine optimization. Search engine companies for instance Google uses technology of PageRank while displaying results. The technology not only considers keywords that are present inside various web pages, but also it gauges significance of different search results that are based on popularity and number of other websites. The other websites must have linkage to the web page mentioned above. Unlike regular search results, paid results are displayed in another section. The business model of these companies is comprised of AdWords. It allowed various companies in purchasing required keywords that will serve their purpose. The main purpose is advertising on online platforms. However, an internet user when search those keywords are redirected with two results. The results are known as sponsored links and unsponsored links. Sponsored links include paid advertisements of the company (Seo et al. 2014). On the other hand, unsponsored links include organic search results of those chosen keyword of the user. The search engine giant, Google introduced many strategies in the field of search engine to expand their reach in new untapped global markets. In the year of 2007, internet users throughout the world could use search interface of Google in 120 available languages that was available in 160 local domains all over the world. The exportability of the technology used by search engine companies and its business model are very important for the growth of the enterprises in the market. Proper implementation of techniques in the business model as well as in different fields of operations enhances the exportability of the company. In the competitive business world, companies must use advanced technologies to compete with the other firms in the marketplace. Companies of search engine should change their business model in order to comply with the regulations of a particular country along with the cultural values. Cultural factor is a vital aspect that every company must follow to sustain in that country. Business models should be improved which is possible on performing competitor analysis in the market. Use of modern technologies and platform will definitely help search engines to earn sufficient revenue from the market. 2: Governments of many countries are threatened by the working procedure of Google as a leading search engine company. Google is a company headquartered in United States of America. Business model of Google is unique. Many countries that are not developed in terms of technology do not understand the business model of Google. According to those countries, United States is trying to dominate over the country via Google. Search engine optimization of Google contains information stored in them. It is the reason of threat faced by many countries. Many developed countries like Japan, France, Germany, etc. feared about the policies of Google in their country (Shih 2013). The European market was a booming market for Google. It expanded its operations in different countries of Europe and faced problems in its operations. Many governments claimed that the search results of Google could create dominance in the local cultures of the country. The countries were about to take actions that would ban a ctions of Google in those countries. When Google entered France, government of France along with French people thought that Google was trying to change the outlook of Anglo-Saxon culture in France. According to them, Google was also trying to keep information about the culture, heritage and history of France in its search engine. Many French and German companies assumed that business model of Google in displaying sponsored links in the online platform. It results in trademark counterfeiting. Many of the advertisers of France use Google in terms of gaining online presence through Google (Berman and Katona 2013). However, the French courts took decision in favor of the French companies and the copyright holders. The ruling of French court had questioned about the legality of the search engine system of Google. The judgment of court would state the ways of finding solutions about blocking advertisements generated by the third parties. These third party companies had no right to these c opyrighted trademarks. This results to chaos in Google while running business operations in France (Ledford 2015). In France, for countering the activities of French government against Google, they began to start the search engine of their own. The name of the newly built search engine is known as Quaero. The new search engine provided many facilities to the users as well as to the companies (Killoran 2013). Digital French books are obtained from this specific search engine platform. In Germany, behavior of Google is threatening. Aggressive and unfaithful ways of business operations are found in Germany. German people and German government do not understand the working module of the company. Services of Google initially in Germany did not work well. Services like Gmail do not function well in the country. Instead of Gmail, Google has changed it into Google mail (Van Looy 2016). To counter different services provided by Google in Germany, companies of Germany has created another search engine known as Theseus. German search engine Theseus provides tough competition to Google in Germany. The aim of formulating this search engine platform by Google is to improve the technology and communication platform of the country in a top position. Apart from that, with the invention of Theseus in Germany, the power of innovation of the country was revived. The platform of search engine not only helped Germany to develop in the field of information and technology but also it he lped the continent of Europe to develop its ability to compete with top companies of information and technology. Along with the European expansion of Google, the company had also put their feet in Asia pacific region. Japan is the country targeted by Google for their business development. However, in Japan Google wanted to blend the advanced technologies in the field of mobile phone services and broadband services with the varied levels of services of Google in the area of corporate affairs. To counter this activity of Google in Japan, the Japanese government in the year of 2007 had launched a project against the dominance of Yahoo and Google in Japan. The project is consisted of 10 partnerships that are linked with the next generation search engine optimization techniques (Baye 2016). The project of founding new search engine is known as Grand Voyage Project. 3: The threat faced by the company is real. The government sponsored search engine in the countries of Europe and Asia provided tough competition to Google in those countries. The governments of those countries are not aware of different business policies of Google. They were not only stressed about the invention of new search engine platform of their own but also they were aware of the dominance of United States in the field of technology and information (Joint 2014). At that time, presence of Google in every country monopolized the market of United States in this search engine business throughout the world. Apart from Google, there are different search engine companies that are dominant in many countries. However, Google was the most advanced company in this genre (Thomas and Peterson 2014). Strategies of Google was improved and developed to capture number one position in the market. However, business strategies and technologies of Google are far more developed than other companies of this industry that helps it to capture the topmost position worldwide (Chanlat et al. 2013). There was a big problem in the organizational culture of Google that is the reason of facing problem when the company enters into a new country. The problem is also prevalent in the strategy of business of Google. The problem recognized in this scenario is cross-cultural communication and management (Kapur and Janakiram 2015). Whenever a company adopts the process of globalization, culture is the first thing the enterprise should take into consideration. There are many instances are there which explains that failure of adapting a countries culture will create a negative impact on the profitability of that business in that particular country. Culture of an organization must align with the culture of the operating country. In the competitive market, every company is trying to sustain in the market by adopting many policies related to the culture of the place (Sderberg 2014). Cross-cultural communication is the only way of sustaining companies in a nation in terms of cultural aspects. There are different practices and modules of cross-cultural communication that companies practice as the part of organization culture. Google must adopt the culture of the target country whenever it targets a new country for business expansion. Adoption of a nations culture will help Google in gaining trust and confidence of the people in that particular nation. The employees are the vital resource of a company. Lack of communication will result to decreased profitability of the company. It will also results in bad employee relations. The organizational culture of the company will be hampered that can be a negative aspect of Google. The human resource department of the company would formulate training and development program for the employees that would enhance the employees in maintaining communication among the organization (Kinloch and Metge 2014). There are many theories of cross-cultural management that Google can apply in the organizational level. A change in the organizational culture must be incorporated in the offices of Google at different locations of the world. The managers of Google can also follow situation based leadership strategies according to the cultural perspective of the operating nation of the company. Implication of theoretical model in the organizational level will definitely help Google in adopting cultures of the operating nation (Asante et al. 2013). Adoption of a nations culture will also help Google in bringing a positive change in the organizational culture. It will also enhance the company to increase the profitability in terms of revenue generation. The pace of expansion is also increased if Google follows culture of the new target country. References Adams, R.L., 2013.SEO White Book: The Organic Guide to Google Search Engine Optimization. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Asante, M.K., Miike, Y. and Yin, J., 2013.The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Baye, M.R., De los Santos, B. and Wildenbeest, M.R., 2016. Search Engine Optimization: What Drives Organic Traffic to Retail Sites?.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,25(1), pp.6-31. Berman, R. and Katona, Z., 2013. The role of search engine optimization in search marketing.Marketing Science,32(4), pp.644-651. Chanlat, J.F., Davel, E. and Dupuis, J.P., 2013.Cross-cultural management: culture and management across the world. Routledge. Joint, F., 2014. Cross Cultural Management. Kapur, N. and Janakiram, B., 2015. Comparative Analysis Of Corporate Cross Cultural Management In It Vs Non It Organizations.CrossCultural Management Journal, (8), pp.99-114. Killoran, J.B., 2013. How to use search engine optimization techniques to increase website visibility.IEEE transactions on professional communication,56(1), pp.50-66. Kinloch, P. and Metge, J., 2014.Talking past each other: problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Ledford, J.L., 2015.Search Engine Optimization Bible(Vol. 584). John Wiley Sons. Seo, H., Sadowski, C., Elbaum, S., Aftandilian, E. and Bowdidge, R., 2014, May. Programmers' build errors: a case study (at google). InProceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 724-734). ACM. Shih, B.Y., Chen, C.Y. and Chen, Z.S., 2013. An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), pp.528-540. Sderberg, A.M., 2013. Facilitating mergers through management and organization of communication: An analysis of strategic communication in a cross-border merger.Handbook of research on mergers and acquisitions, pp.233-258. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Van Looy, A., 2016. Search Engine Optimization. InSocial Media Management(pp. 113-132). Springer International Publishing. Zilincan, J., 2015, September. SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION. InCBU International Conference Proceedings(Vol. 3, pp. 506-510).

The Role of Science and Technology in International Relations Regarding Climate Change

Science refers to a systematic approach or enterprise that helps gain knowledge in the form of empirical predictions and explanations. In other words, this is the body of reliable understanding of various concepts which real meaning can be explained logically and rationally. In a broad sense, the concept of science has been included in many fields of civilisation which existed before the modern era (Nina 10).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Role of Science and Technology in International Relations Regarding Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, humans have always relied on the concept of science to focus on their understanding of various key aspects regarding their life on earth. On the other hand, technology simply refers to the practice of utilising techniques, machines, tools and systems of organisation to perform specific developments or to solve a situation. Over the time, te chnology as a development factor has changed societies in a number of ways. For instance, many countries in the world have developed economically through the dynamic advance in technology, and this has caused many transformations in the global economy. As it is observed, science and technology are significant elements of change in the society. Over the years, the development of science and technology has used many channels of knowledge in diverse fields of study, theoretically and also practically. This has enabled researchers to come up with explanations that nearly provide answers to some fundamental aspects of life. As science and technology continue to become more complex in the society, it has impacted our lives to a greater extent. The concept has continued to play a fundamental role in the development of nations all over the world. Due to science and technology, people have been able to develop the necessary tools needed to address the various complex issues affecting the glo bal populations in the current era of globalisation. Some of the profound challenges facing humanity include, but do not limit to, food security, weapons of mass destruction, water and resource scarcity, public health, climate change, and diminishing biodiversity. All these issues represent fundamental threats to the ecosystems. In this regard, the ability and capability of nations to absorb and utilise the concept of science and technology could be beneficial in addressing most of the issues mentioned above through development of promising prospects. However, the possibility of applying science and technology in enhancing developments has been limited in most regions of the world due to factors, such as lack of scientific expertise and cultural predisposition (Ancarani 668). This clearly explains the reason why many regions in the contemporary world are still suffering because of controllable and avoidable issues, such as food insecurity, and water and resource scarcity. If this is to change, there is a need for the future policymakers and opinion leaders to re-examine and understand the possibilities of science and technology in addressing and solving most of the issues affecting global populations today.Advertising Looking for coursework on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through science and technology, people have been able to establish infrastructure and policies which have contributed to a significant understanding of the vast issues affecting the global population nowadays. This paper examines the role of science and technology as it has been used to address the challenge of climate change, which is one of the major issues affecting the global societies today. Facts and Causes of the Global Climate Change Climate change is a lasting transition in the statistical distribution of the patterns of weather over periods that last from centuries to millions of years. Some of the key ind icators which reflect a change in global climate patterns include vegetation, change in sea levels, dendrochronology, ice cores, and glacial geology, among other factors. As it would be observed, there are many indicators which act as causative agents or forcing mechanisms for many of these changes. These forces are either internal or external. External forcing mechanisms can either be anthropogenic or natural, while internal mechanism involves the various natural processes that do take place within the climate system, such as the thermohaline circulation. Some of these factors include human-induced effects or changes in the natural environment, variations in solar radiation reaching the Earth, oceanic processes, and volcanic eruption, among the others. However, human-induced alterations remain at the fore-front among the many factors associated with the current climatic changes. Most human activities, such as burning of fossil oils and deforestation, have resulted in excessive accu mulation and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thus contributing to the burning issue of global warming. Global warming has become the defining element of the global climate changes. Global warming is one of the most complicated issues in the world, considering the fact that the issue is emphasised every day as a result of human activities. The progressive increase on global temperatures over the years has brought many effects to international societies. Global warming has been associated with many effects and weather-related implications that vary from one region to another with some places experiencing scarier effects than the others (Brunner 23). Current scientific observations have concluded that there are already higher levels of carbon concentration in the atmosphere today, compared to any given time in our history. Moreover, even more, greenhouse gases are generated everyday. Global warming is a driving force of the other effects of the changes in global cl imatic patterns, and all these pose severe risks to human and natural systems across the world.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Role of Science and Technology in International Relations Regarding Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These changes, for instance, are expected to bring severe impacts on global water supplies. These shortages will, in turn, trigger future challenges in human and natural systems, owing to the threatened food production and hindered economic developments. Some of the far-reaching effects of this issue as foretold by scientists will include rising of sea levels, expansion of deserts, changes in the patterns and levels of precipitation, and extreme weather catastrophes, such as heavy rains, heatwaves, frequents droughts, and extinction of some animal species. Global warming is arguably the biggest international issue affecting global populations today. Both current a nd future effects of global warming on humans and the entire ecosystems are quite threatening, thus making it one of the most complicated issues, currently facing the world leaders and policymakers in their incessant efforts to save the world from the dangerous global issues. Progressive rise in the global temperatures over the years is observed to bear far-reaching effects and implications on the living things and the world’s climate patterns (Sarewitz 394). As a matter of fact, some of the expected changes have already started showing up in various segments of life. For instance, uncertain weather patterns have been witnessed in many regions of the world in the last few years, and this has resulted in numerous cases of wildland fire, owing to extensive hot and dry weather patterns in those areas. As it happens, this has always caused the destruction of millions of acres of land, thus affecting the lives of people and wildlife in those areas. Also, there are reports by scien tists that polar bears, among other species, face great danger of extinction following the big challenges of adaptation that they continue to experience as a result of extremities in the weather patterns and conditions. There has been a rapid fall in Arctic sea ice in the Polar Regions over the last several decades. According to scientific observations, Arctic sea ice is melting away at an alarming rate of 11.5% every ten years, and this poses serious survival challenges to the animal species in those regions.Advertising Looking for coursework on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these are living testimonies of the potential dangers of climatic change in the present and future ecosystems. These, however, are some of the reasons that have made ‘climate change’ one of the most debated issues in the media and politics across the world. No wonder, the issue has drawn overwhelming concern from governments and international organisations and institutions. Role of Science and Technology in addressing Climate Change The part of science and technology in addressing some of the world’s greatest nightmares is dynamic and far-reaching. The understanding of science and technology as a crucial intervention in addressing international affairs is no doubt the best management decision to make in dealing with the global climate change. As it is observed, climate change is one of the profound challenges facing the global populations today. Just like any other global issue that draws the attention to the international relations, the progressive pressures of climate change are rooted in science and driven by technology. There is no way the management of this issue of transnational concern can be left to governments alone, but it also requires devoted engagement of crucial civil society networks, such as the media, NGOs, universities, business, etc. All these are certain priorities which can be useful in establishing strong solutions in response to a world of complex and threatening issues like ours. However, no matter how many efforts may be directed towards the incessant challenges affecting the world today, the capacity to generate and apply science and technology-driven policies in addressing those challenges plays a crucial role, either directly or indirectly. Indirect scientific and technological intervention can be used to address the needs of people at the community levels, thus improving prospects of development in various segments of the society (Brunner 291). For instance, when interventions aimed at reducing poverty are i ntroduced in the society, they would tend to bear positive results in development of those societies. Science and technology have made enormous contributions to the understanding of the issue of climate change. Apart from presenting possible opportunities of getting to understand the issue and its causes, the trend has also played a significant role in developing a strong knowledge about current and potential effects and implications which are likely to affect humanity, animals and the entire ecosystems today and in the future (Spence and Pidgeon 665). In matters regarding human health, climate change continues to pose unique challenges and threats to humans across the world. As it is observed, there are numerous ways through which changes in global climatic patterns can result in health effects that are potentially harmful. This understanding has been crucial in that it has enabled climate change to achieve a significant position in the context of the major global issues facing the world today. No matter how many uncertainties are associated with the complex nature of the Earth’s climate, there is a great empirical collection of various studies and research findings documenting the many factors surrounding this big issue, which continues to pose challenges to humans, animals, and the general environment. Regarding the climate change, many materials have been studied, and scientific questions and hypotheses based on the issue have been examined thoroughly for careful evaluation of the possible alternatives which could be used to address the issue. There is an outline of some of the many ways through which science and technology help in addressing the profound challenges of climate change. Promoting and encouraging understanding and evaluation of key concepts regarding global climate change through scientific study and research. Promoting knowledge on qualitative and quantitative ways that can be applied in addressing the issue. Through scientific and t echnological concepts, people are able to gain the necessary expertise in dealing with global challenges such as the ones presented by climate change. Through this intervention, global populations are also able to recognise significant moral dimensions of these complex situations and be able to implement the right ethical frameworks or systems that will address these issues better. More importantly, through scientific and technological approaches, policy makers and global leaders have been able to develop substantive and analytical approaches necessary in combating emerging challenges and threats as presented by global warming and other effects of climate change. As it would be observed from various geographical regions, climate change is a serious issue which poses insurmountable challenges to the global economy, public health and national security, among other aspects in the society. One of the most promising ways of addressing the progressive issue of climate change is by implem enting significant methods of reducing the forcing mechanisms which generate these changes (Copeland 76). An example of one possible intervention which could be taken here is by applying significant methods that help in controlling and reducing emission of greenhouse gases. For effective outcome, this intervention would require crucial scientific and technological approaches. A good example through which international bodies have been involved in addressing climate change issues is through the idea of ‘flexibility mechanism’ as it has been defined in the Kyoto Protocol (Aldy and Stavins 56). Even though some people are unsure about the impact that science and technology are likely to have on the issue, it is the most assuring option which can be used to address the many problems associated with climate change. Scientific process is much worthy in providing better explanations and suggestions regarding the heightening effects brought by changes in global climate and weat her patterns. Even though current scientific and technological efforts are yet to provide an alternative approach that adequately satisfies the global climate dynamics, there is still every reason for people to appreciate the contribution which has been made by scientists so far, in trying to address this issue. The role of Science and Technology in International Relations regarding climate change can never be underestimated at any face value. Multiple framings to various contemporary challenges facing the humanity are much possible in the contemporary world, through democratised science and technology agenda (Pidgeon 83). Some seemingly intractable issues currently presented by climate change can be addressed through democratised and pluralistic science agenda. Diversification of scientific study and research into policy problems such as the ones being presented by the global climate change has helped in promoting understanding of numerous possible framing of policy issues. For the se reasons, it should be acknowledged that the concept of science and technology is among the most significant interventions which can be applied in the mitigation of global climate change and its immense impacts to humans and the ecosystems. As observed from this report, science and technology play a key role in promoting innovation processes in mitigation and adaptation of useful policies which help in addressing issues of climate change, among other global issues. Creating awareness of future human generations to be able to cope with changes in climate conditions is very crucial in the modern era (Weiss 305). This, however, has been one of the main objectives of the science of climate change, which has been made available in many learning and research institutions across the world. More importantly, while the issue of climate change has been a major issue to the global populations, it has also presented vast opportunities. Through the combined mitigation processes and development of significant policies as stipulated by the scientific study of climate change, the world has come up with constant coordination processes that would establish broader opportunities of managing global issues in the most appropriate manner. In that case, there is a big possibility of a satisfying solution to the issue of climate change in the near future, through the many opportunities which are presented by science and technology. Works Cited Aldy, Joseph and Robert Stavins. Architectures for agreement: addressing global  climate change in the post-Kyoto world, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Ancarani, Vittorioy. â€Å"Globalising the world: Science and technology in international relations.† Handbook of Science and Technology Studies 12. 6 (1995): 652—670. Print. Brunner, Ronald. â€Å"Global climate change: defining the policy problem.† Policy Sciences  24. 3 (1991):291. Print. Brunner, Ronald. â€Å"Science and the climate chan ge regime.† Policy Sciences 34. 1 (2001):1-33. Print. Copeland, Daryl. Guerrilla Diplomacy: Rethinking International Relations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009. Print. Nina, Fedoroff. â€Å"Science diplomacy in the 21st century.† Biological Sciences 136. 1 (2009): 9-11. Print. Pidgeon, Nick. â€Å"Public views on climate change: European and USA perspectives.†Ã‚  Climatic Change 77. 1 (2006):73-95. print. Sarewitz, Daniel. â€Å"How science makes environmental controversies worse.†Ã‚  Environmental Science and Policy 7. 12 (2004): 385-403. Print. Spence, Alexa and Nicholas Pidgeon. â€Å"Framing and communicating climate change: the effects of distance and outcome frame manipulations.† Global  Environmental Change 20. 11 (2010): 656-667. Weiss, Charles. â€Å"Science, technology and international relations.† Technology in Society 27. 3 (2005): 295-313. Print. This coursework on The Role of Science and Technology in International Relations Regarding Climate Change was written and submitted by user F1rebrand to help you with your own studies. 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